ReadingThinkingAndWriting

I would like to share with you some knowledge that very few people in the world have.  The topic is a very hearty one; Immunology, considered to be one of the most difficult in the health sciences.  However, the immune system is of critical importance not only in defeating pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, but also in clearing the body of damaged tissue and eliminating cancerous growths.  I will introduce some vocabulary for the simple reason that without it, this post would become very long, even for me.  It is said that a picture is worth a thousand words, well, in Immunology, some words are worth about the same.  The source of the information and my personal opinions presented in this post is my study of Janeway’s Immuno Biology.  I’m not a medical professional, and nothing I present in this post, or any other post I may make on a health science topic, should in any way be considered medical advice, the intent of the authors of any of the texts I reference, or an authoritative explanation.  This post is solely my understanding, theories, and interpretation of the material I’ve studied.

In a short series of posts, I will introduce an immune system process with the impressive title; Somatic Recombination, or, in this context,  V(D)J Recombination.  This process is significant for many reasons outside its critical and sole function; to build receptors.  These receptors, also called antibodies, or Immunoglobulins, are capable of recognizing bits and pieces of invading pathogens and other substances that might harm the body.  Of particular significance, the building process has potentially dangerous ends because it includes not only the cutting out and elimination of sections of an individuals DNA, but also the intentional introduction of mutations into the recombined DNA strands.  Also, the process, when viewed across many Immune System cells, is an example of selection.  It is not the same, of course, as natural selection occurring at a macroscopic level, but at the basic level, it does as it involves the survival and proliferation of those cells with receptors containing the sequence of amino acids that will best bind to a given antigen; the name given to the bits and pieces which stimulate our immune system into action.

Another interesting note about this process is that it is closely related to the process by which retroviruses insert their genetic information into the DNA of their host cells, i.e. human cells, which in turn can cause disease.  In fact, the RAG (Recombination-Activating Gene) protein which directs the process is arranged differently from other human genes suggesting that it was evolutionarily adapted into our genome making Somatic Recombination possible. 

I have often felt, during my studies that humans seem to be fabric into which is woven parts of many different molecules and organisms that probably coexisted in mutually beneficial societies; a social symbiosis.  I am of the opinion that this symbiosis is the key to the successful evolution of life rather than the necessary, but misinterpreted “survival of the fittest” notion to which evolution is so often tied.  Questioning Darwin… talk about delusions of grandeur on my part.

The Immune System, so far in my study, looks to me like a living model through which the evolution of life on Earth can be seen.  First, it was necessary for me to resist the compulsion to anthropomorphize.  The Macrophage, a staple cell of the Immune System, was so named because it was seen as a “big eater”.  I think this view is detrimental to a clear understanding and research path because we are essentially speaking of energetically favorable reactions not cells with a hankering for vittles.  When I remove this lens, I see the symbiotic relationship with mitochondria as possibly allowing the re-tasking of complex energy seeking molecules to protective capacities and the establishment of self at the cellular level.  I see that its not a matter of destroying non-self, there is actually more non-self inside us than self, it’s a matter of information dissemination, examination, and a resultant action.  To illustrate, consider that molecules called MHC which present pathogen derived peptides to T cells and elicit an immuno-protective response.  These MHC molecules, will present peptides from the individual’s own healthy proteins in the same manor if an infection is not present.  This presentation should, it would seem,  result in no action by the T cells, but considering auto-immune disorders of unknown pathogenesis, perhaps this is not always the case.  Pathogenesis is the origination and development of a disease.

This is just the very tip of a large and fascinating iceberg.  I hope my explanation of Somatic Recombination in antibody production serves well in sparking interest in a study which has saved countless lives and may yet shed light on the evolution of life  itself.

Note:

This essay is not an indictment of the wealthy or any other group for that matter.  It is my view that no condemnation should be levied indiscriminately against any group of people.  In my experience, one can find those who care for others and those who care only for themselves across the sociological and geopolitical spectrums.  However, the effect of narcissism is often greatly amplified when it encounters money which has been intertwined with political power.

Now to Hamilton

There are many stories about Hamilton’s early life.  I have encountered a few, but I have no doubt that Ron Chernow, Hamilton’s biographer, has read more than I have so I concede to his conclusions.  In general, the early life of a founder may not be seen as relevant, however in this case, it has bearing on a paradox that influenced his vision, and wove  what I see as a critical error into the very fabric that would become the United States.  It is my conjecture that Hamilton retained a child-like reverence for the wealthy, stemming from the recognition of his potential and his subsequent “rescue from poverty” by the merchants operating in his hometown.

Hamilton, was born in the West Indies and grew up on the Danish Island of St. Croix.  His parents were not married and a series of personal tragedies left the boy without parents and in poverty.  During his childhood, according to Chenow, he would have been exposed to the savage violence of the port city as well as the sub-human practice of slavery.  He would have also had glimpses into the lives of the wealthy.  Though his father had left them and his mother died shortly thereafter, the brilliant Hamilton soon found himself clerking for Beekman and Cruger; New York traders who recognized his potential.  The boy was a veracious reader and highly intelligent so, as  Chernow notes he was probably the target of ridicule, much as he probably would have been in U.S. schools today; plus ça change, I suppose.

Then another tragic event would occur that would change Hamilton’s fortunes forever, and quite possibly, the fate of a nation yet to exist.  Chernow explains that a hurricane had hit the island causing a great deal of damage, and Hamilton, also an aspiring writer, wrote a piece on the storm which was published locally to much acclaim.  The businessmen of the town were encouraged to take up a collection and to send the young boy to North America to be educated.  The rich see, the rich realize, the rich rescued Hamilton from a squalid and painful life and delivered into the arms of America.

Once in the colonies, his mind opened many doors for the young man as did the financing he received for his education and board.  And then, of course, there was the brewing revolution that included a requisite element for Hamilton’s path to immortality; a meritocracy. 

Actually, it is my opinion that the meritocracy existing during the binding of the colonies for war was requisite for the emergence of so many great minds of the cause.  The closed doors of an aristocracy and the great societal divides in the rest of world could not have produced the “fertile ground”; a phrase some historians use to describe the time of the founding, which produced the likes of Adams, Franklin, Jefferson, and yes, Alexander Hamilton.

The great paradox I see in what was Hamilton’s past and what would become his policies is that his central tenant was greatness was to be found only among the wealthy, not the common.  If this were true , then he himself should not have been given the opportunities he had.  Further, he, even with contrary events occurring all around him, maintained that among the rich alone one could find freedom from avarice and disinterest in power. Therefore, he felt it was proper to tie the interest of the moneyed class to the fate of the young nation and the government thereof to the benefit of the same.   Chernow quotes Hamilton; “That valuable class of citizens forms too important an organ of the general weal not to claim every practicable and reasonable exemption and indulgence.”

Neither the rampant greed that led to the very first bubble and crash in the new United States, a direct result of Hamilton’s plans, nor the skullduggery of his close friend Duer which doomed his plan for the nation’s first major foray into manufacture, would shake Hamilton from his conclusions.  The adages that money leads to power, and that power almost invariably leads to corruption seemed to have escaped him.  A central tenant to my personal philosophy is that net worth is not equal to self worth, and the relation between the two often grows with inverse proportionality; it seems Hamilton would not agree, at least not in practice.

From what little he said during the Federal Convention of 1787 which produced The Constitution, to his writings and speeches, he felt, it seems clear to me, that an aristocracy, with a prominent slant towards monarchy was the proper form for the federal government.  Even in this later stage, in my opinion, you can see the paradox within Hamilton’s mind.  When discussing political parties, Hamilton, as well as the others was clear in his disdain.  Chernow quotes Hamilton as calling political parties “the most fatal disease”.  He also quotes James Kent, one of the first Supreme Court justices, saying “Hamilton said in The Federalist Papers, in his speeches, and a hundred times to me that factions [political parities] would ruin us and our government had not sufficient energy and balance to resist the propensity to them and to control their tyranny and the profligacy.”  Hamilton, believed party politics to be “parochial” and the practice of lesser government officials; surely .  A testament to the extent of the contradiction, he led The Federalist Party; the precursor to the modern day Republican party.

So, was the effect of Hamilton’s admiration of the wealthy strong enough and his resultant plans impactful enough to change the course of history for the young nation?  Chernow, wrote :The financial turmoil on Wall Street and the William Duer debacle pointed up a glaring defect in Hamilton’s political theory; the rich could put their own interests above the national interest.  Suppose I substituted the name William Duer for Bernie Madoff and changed “Hamilton’s” to “some in the GOP’s”, Ron could be writing about the present day.

Further, perhaps we could look at some of the criticisms and predicted consequences, offered by his contemporaries ,of Hamilton’s vision and see if we would be tempted to claim prescience on their part.   First, and of particular interest to the recent crash, in a letter to Thomas Cooper, Jefferson wrote; “The crisis of the abuses of banking has arrived.  The banks have pronounced their own sentence of death”.  And Jefferson in a letter to Richard Rush wrote; “The banks themselves were doing business on capitals, three-fourths of which were fictitious: and, to extend their profits they furnished fictitious capital to every man…”.

In summation of his feelings on high finance, to John Taylor, Jefferson wrote “Banking establishments are more dangerous than standing armies…”  Even Hamilton himself wrote; “These extravagant sallies of speculation do injury to the government and to the whole system of public credit,”.

Chernow claims that Hamilton was never a hireling of moneyed interests, as he is often accused by historians.  Rather, Hamilton wanted to attach them to the new country’s interests.  Like many thinkers of his day, he thought that property conferred independent judgment on people and hoped that creditors would bring an enlightened, disinterest point of view to government.  But what if they succumbed to speculation and disrupted the system they were supposed to stabilize?  What if they engaged in destructive short-term behavior instead of being long-term custodians of the nation’s interest?  If that happened, it might undermine his whole political program.  Well, they did, and they still do today, and we are still doing little to nothing about it.